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测试环境：Debian 9 X64
硬盘的安全对于我们来说是至关重要的，特别是服务器，下面就介绍一些Linux下常用的硬盘检测命令。
1、硬盘SMART状态
SMART是一种磁盘自我分析检测技术，早在90年代末就基本得到了普及每一块硬盘（包括IDE、SCSI）在运行的时候，都会将自身的若干参数记录下来这些参数包括型号、容量、温度、密度、扇区、寻道时间、传输、误码率等硬盘运行了几千小时后，很多内在的物理参数都会发生变化某一参数超过报警阈值，则说明硬盘接近损坏此时硬盘依然在工作，如果用户不理睬这个报警继续使用那么硬盘将变得非常不可靠，随时可能故障。
安装 apt-get install smartmontools -y
命令:smartctl -i /dev/sda
正常情况下应该会得到下面这样的信息
smartctl 6.6 2016-05-31 r4324 [x86_64-linux-4.9.0-9-amd64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-16, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: HGST HUS726020ALA610
Serial Number: K5J1HM3G
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000cca 25edcde00
Firmware Version: A5GNTD05
User Capacity: 2,000,398,934,016 bytes [2.00 TB]
Sector Size: 512 bytes logical/physical
Rotation Rate: 7200 rpm
Form Factor: 3.5 inches
Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is: ACS-2, ATA8-ACS T13/1699-D revision 4
SATA Version is: SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 3.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Mon May 13 21:25:36 2019 CST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: EnabledSMART support is: Enabled说明硬盘已经开启SMART，若未启动，可使用smartctl –smart=on –offlineauto=on –saveauto=on /dev/sda开启。
2、查看硬盘当前的健康状态
使用smartctl -H /dev/sda，若出现
smartctl 6.6 2016-05-31 r4324 [x86_64-linux-4.9.0-9-amd64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-16, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED请注意result后边的结果：PASSED，这表示硬盘健康状态良好
如果这里显示Failure，那么最好立刻给服务器更换硬盘。
不过，显示PASSED不一定完全没有问题，可使用smartctl -t short /dev/sda进行快速测试，显示：
smartctl 6.6 2016-05-31 r4324 [x86_64-linux-4.9.0-9-amd64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-16, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF OFFLINE IMMEDIATE AND SELF-TEST SECTION ===
Sending command: "Execute SMART Short self-test routine immediately in off-line mode".
Drive command "Execute SMART Short self-test routine immediately in off-line mode" successful.
Testing has begun.
Please wait 2 minutes for test to complete.
Test will complete after Mon May 13 21:44:03 2019
Use smartctl -X to abort test.执行完毕后请等待2分钟左右（视硬盘大小），然后执行smartctl -l selftest /dev/sda显示测试报告：
smartctl 6.6 2016-05-31 r4324 [x86_64-linux-4.9.0-9-amd64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-16, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Short offline Completed without error 00% 2584 -可发现Completed without error后面的百分数是0，说明硬盘状态良好，无坏道。
3、查看硬盘详细信息
执行如下命令可以看到硬盘详细的参数：smartctl -A /dev/sda
smartctl 6.6 2016-05-31 r4324 [x86_64-linux-4.9.0-9-amd64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-16, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000b 100 100 016 Pre-fail Always - 0
2 Throughput_Performance 0x0005 134 134 054 Pre-fail Offline - 119
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0007 144 144 024 Pre-fail Always - 216 (Average 200)
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 49
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 005 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000b 100 100 067 Pre-fail Always - 0
8 Seek_Time_Performance 0x0005 140 140 020 Pre-fail Offline - 15
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 2584
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 100 060 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 47
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 115
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 115
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0002 166 166 000 Old_age Always - 36 (Min/Max 16/49)
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0022 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0008 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x000a 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0Power_On_Hours显示的是硬盘通电时间